What is Drayage? 什么是拖车运输？
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Container Drayage 费用是指将集装箱从一个地点运送到另一个地点的短途运输费用。通常，这种费用涉及将集装箱从港口运送到内陆地点，或者从内陆地点运送到港口。Drayage 费用通常包括以下几项：
提箱费：从港口或集装箱堆场提取集装箱的费用。
运送费：将集装箱从提箱地点运送到指定地点的费用。
交箱费：将集装箱交回港口或集装箱堆场的费用。
等待费：在提箱或交箱过程中等待的费用，如果等待时间超过了免费等待时间。
超重费：如果集装箱超重，需要支付的额外费用。
Drayage can be one of the most frustrating aspects of moving freight. Shippers would think that moving freight a short distance wouldn’t be a complicated endeavor, but drayage can take much coordination. Additionally, drayage fees can add up quickly, turning a short distance into a costly part of the shipping process.拖运可能是货物运输中最令人沮丧的方面之一。托运人可能会认为短距离货物运输不会是一项复杂的任务，但拖运需要很多协调工作。此外，拖运费用可能会迅速累积，使短距离运输成为运输过程中的一项昂贵的部分。
What is Drayage? 什么是拖车运输？
Drayage is a term commonly used but only sometimes understood. Dray shipping is retrieving shipping containers, typically from a port, and moving them to their destination. Those inland destinations include shipping hubs, warehouses, distribution centers, and retail stores.拖运是一个常用但有时候只有部分人理解的术语。拖运是指从港口等地取回运输集装箱，并将其移动到目的地。这些内陆目的地包括运输枢纽、仓库、配送中心和零售店。
Drayage is the transport of freight over short distances, and another name for it is “the first mile.” Tens of millions of containers travel the first mile yearly in the US.拖运是货物在短距离内的运输，另一个称呼是“第一英里”。每年有数千万个集装箱在美国进行第一英里的运输。
Managing drayage has cost implications and tremendous impacts on the supply chain and inventory logistics. Companies that minimize their stock inventory require on-time deliveries to avoid costly stock-outs and the resulting customer service issues.管理拖车业务对供应链和库存物流有着重大的成本影响和巨大的影响。减少库存的公司需要准时交货，以避免昂贵的缺货和由此产生的客户服务问题。
How are Drayage Rates Calculated?
拖车费率是如何计算的？
Drayage rates include several factors when calculated.拖车费用的计算包括几个因素。
The most common include:最常见的包括：
The distance from the port to the destination从港口到目的地的距离
When the freight is delivered货物送达时
The transportability of the shipment; whether a pallet jack can move, forklift, or other methods货物的可运输性；是否可以使用托盘卡车、叉车或其他方法移动
The type of carrier carrying the freight承载货物的运输工具类型
The type of packaging包装的类型
Shipment weight 货物重量
If special handling is needed如果需要特殊处理
When the shipment is handled当货物被处理时
Based on those factors, a base fee is typically charged. Accessorial charges for a service outside of standard procedures will also be assessed on the container drayage rates. The accessory charges can add up fast, and preventing them is a significant priority for shippers.根据这些因素，通常会收取基本费用。超出标准程序的服务还将根据集装箱运输费率进行附加费用评估。附加费用可能会迅速累积，防止它们是货主的重要优先事项。
Considerations that factor in the entire cost of the first mile beyond the base fee include:考虑到超出基本费用的第一英里的全部成本的因素包括：
Mileage and time: The time required to make the trip will get you to the linehaul rate, usually the flat rate for the round trip. Still, confirm that the rate is for the entire round trip.里程和时间：完成旅程所需的时间将决定您的线路运费，通常是往返旅程的固定费率。但请确认该费率是否适用于整个往返旅程。
Fuel: Expect a fuel charge, usually a percentage of the linehaul rate.燃料费：预计会有燃料费用，通常是货运费用的一定比例。
Terminal charges: Depending on the ocean terminal the freight enters, there could be an associated fee. Congestion is one factor that might result in a higher fee and the need to go to a specific terminal as opposed to another.终端费用：根据货物进入的海洋终端的不同，可能会有相关费用。拥堵是可能导致较高费用并需要前往特定终端而不是其他终端的一个因素。
Chassis fees: Depending on whether the freight company uses its chassis or a rented chassis, fees will vary and should be confirmed ahead of time. These fees might come as pass-through costs, but there might also be an administrative fee if a pooled chassis or rental needs coordination.底盘费用：根据货运公司使用自己的底盘还是租用的底盘，费用会有所不同，应提前确认。这些费用可能作为经过成本传递，但如果需要协调共享底盘或租赁底盘，还可能有行政费用。
Overweight fees: Containers that exceed the legal weight limit could prompt associated overweight fees, like permits.超重费用：超过法定重量限制的集装箱可能会导致相关的超重费用，如许可证。
Tolls: If tolls are assessed along the route, they will be passed to the shipper. Additionally, there could be another administrative fee.收费：如果沿途收取过路费，将由托运人承担。此外，可能还会有其他行政费用。
Other and often misunderstood fees can add up include:其他常常被误解的费用也可能累积起来，包括：
Detention fees: Carriers will typically allot a certain amount of “free time” that will not be charged for when waiting to pick up or drop off cargo. Free time is commonly two hours, although many carriers have moved to one hour, and any waiting time beyond free time has a cost. These fees can range between $60 to $100 an hour.扣押费用：承运人通常会分配一定的“免费时间”，在等待装卸货物时不收费。免费时间通常为两小时，尽管许多承运人已经改为一小时，超过免费时间的等待时间将产生费用。这些费用可以在每小时 60 美元至 100 美元之间。
Demurrage fees: If a container is stored at the port or terminal longer than its allotted time, the result is a demurrage fee. The causes for a demurrage fee can vary from delays to shortages. These fees can start at $100 a day after the first three days, then jump to $200 and $300 per day as the container sits at the terminal.滞期费用：如果一个集装箱在港口或码头存放的时间超过了规定的时间，就会产生滞期费用。导致滞期费用的原因可以是延误或短缺。这些费用在头三天后每天可以从 100 美元开始，然后随着集装箱在码头停留的时间增加，费用会跳至 200 美元和 300 美元每天。
Drop fees: A drop fee is charged if a carrier has to drop a container at its destination and pick it up later due to the inability to load the freight right away.放箱费：如果承运人不得不在目的地放下一个集装箱，并稍后再次取回，因为无法立即装载货物，则会收取放箱费。
Pre-pull: If the container is pulled from the terminal to prevent it from going into demurrage and then is staged for later delivery, there will be a drayage rate to the place of delivery from the staging area.预拉：如果集装箱从码头拉出以防止滞期，并且随后被暂存以待后续交付，那么从暂存区到交付地点将会有一项运输费用。
Chassis split: Should the trucker travel to another location due to the terminal not having a chassis, a chassis split fee could be charged to compensate for the extra time and mileage. Expect this fee to run $110.底盘分拆：如果卡车司机因为码头没有底盘而需要前往其他地点，可能会收取底盘分拆费用以补偿额外的时间和里程。预计该费用为 110 美元。
All of these charges can apply, with some of them running into hundreds of dollars per day. When coupled with extra charges like detention fees, drop fees, pre-pull fees, and tolls, drayage can cost a shipper tremendous amounts of money.所有这些费用都可以适用，其中一些费用每天高达数百美元。当加上额外的费用，如滞留费、卸货费、预拉费和过路费时，拖车运输可能会给货主带来巨额的费用。
How to Reduce Drayage Costs 如何降低拖车成本
As you can see, many variables to drayage can push prices higher and higher, but there are some ways to cut costs.正如您所看到的，许多与运输有关的变量会推高价格，但也有一些降低成本的方法。
Be mindful of your packaging 注意你的包装
The freight you’re moving could have different rates based on packaging. Pallets can be more than floor-load crates, and fragile items that require special handling can have the highest charges. The shipping container you use could cut your costs.您运输的货物可能根据包装方式有不同的费率。托盘的费用可能高于地板装载的箱子，而需要特殊处理的易碎物品可能会有最高的费用。您使用的运输集装箱可能会降低您的成本。
Consolidate shipments 合并货物装运
Your freight’s hundredweight (CWT) is how your drayage rate will be calculated. Shipments are rounded to 100 pounds, and many carriers could require a 200-pound minimum or 2CWT. If you have four separate 50-pound pieces of freight, shipping them together to meet that 200-pound minimum is a no-brainer. Shipped separately, each of those 50-pound pieces of freight could be rounded up to the 200-pound minimum.您的货物百分重量（CWT）将决定您的运输费率。货物将按照 100 磅进行舍入，许多承运商可能要求最低 200 磅或 2CWT。如果您有四个分别为 50 磅的货物件，将它们一起运输以满足最低 200 磅的要求是显而易见的选择。如果分开运输，每个 50 磅的货物件可能会被舍入到最低 200 磅。
If the rate is $1 per pound, the difference between separate and consolidated shipments in our example is $800 or $200.如果每磅费率为 1 美元，在我们的例子中，分开和合并装运之间的差额为 800 美元或 200 美元。
Ship efficiently 高效地运输货物
The fewer batches you can ship, the better. Flexibility with pick-up and drop-off dates is also beneficial. Additional trips are cut if you can unload or load the freight at one time. Working with your carrier will substantially benefit you when finding the optimum days to service your load.越少批次您可以发货，越好。在取货和送货日期上的灵活性也是有益的。如果您能一次卸货或装货，就可以减少额外的行程。与承运人合作将在确定最佳服务日期时给您带来实质性的好处。
Knowing port volume, equipment availability, and shipment timelines can help structure a strategy to help avoid charges like pre-pull or detention fees.了解港口容量、设备可用性和装运时间表可以帮助制定策略，以避免产生预拉或滞留费用。
Ship mixed loads separately 分开运送混装货物
Separate shipments will undoubtedly sound contrary to combining loads, but it can make sense depending on the type of freight. Because the rates can vary based on freight packaging or handling needs, mixing cargo that can ship via crate with freight that requires special handling will mean all the freight is shipping at a higher rate.分开运输无疑与合并货物相悖，但这取决于货物的类型，这样做是有道理的。由于运费可能根据货物包装或处理需求而有所不同，将可以通过板条箱运输的货物与需要特殊处理的货物混合在一起，意味着所有货物都以较高的运费进行运输。
Separating the shipments ensures that only the quantity of freight requiring special handling incurs that fee.分拆货物可以确保只有需要特殊处理的货物数量才需要支付该费用。
Document everything 记录一切
Documentation is always a great idea when anything involves fees, but this is especially true for drayage. Take photos of your shipments and document everything to provide evidence if a claim is necessary when something goes wrong. Erroneous charges happen, and your documentation can counter them.当涉及到费用时，文档始终是一个好主意，但对于拖运来说尤为重要。拍摄您的货物照片并记录一切，以提供证据，以防发生问题时需要提出索赔。错误的费用是常有的，而您的文档可以对其进行反驳。
Hiring a 3PL partner 雇佣第三方物流合作伙伴
Drayage can be complex and has many potential charges that could make the first mile very expensive. A third-party logistics partner will have access to all of the shipping solutions and experience in saving shippers on drayage fees. Turning your freight needs over to a 3PL partner reduces the burden on you to gather information and navigate the drayage landscape.拖车运输可能很复杂，并且有许多潜在的费用可能会使第一英里非常昂贵。第三方物流合作伙伴将拥有所有运输解决方案的访问权限，并具有在拖车费用上为货主节省费用的经验。将您的货运需求交给第三方物流合作伙伴可以减轻您收集信息和导航拖车领域的负担。
